Muhammad's Sword
The information in the following article was not surprising for me, except when I learned that the writer is a Jewish Israeli.
Enjoy.
Muhammad's sword
Pope Benedict XVI in the service of George W. BushBy Uri Avner
09/24/06 "Information Clearing House" -- -- Since the days when Romanemperors threw Christians to the lions, the relations between the emperorsand the heads of the church have undergone many changes.Constantine the Great, who became emperor in the year 306 - exactly 1700years ago - encouraged the practice of Christianity in the empire, which included Palestine. Centuries later, the church split into an Eastern (Orthodox) and a Western (Catholic) part. In the West, the Bishop of Rome,who acquired the title of Pope, demanded that the emperor accept hissuperiority.
The struggle between the emperors and the popes played a central role in European history and divided the peoples. It knew ups and downs. Someemperors dismissed or expelled a pope, some popes dismissed orexcommunicated an emperor. One of the emperors, Henry IV, "walked toCanossa", standing for three days barefoot in the snow in front of the Pope's castle, until the Pope deigned to annul his excommunication.
But there were times when emperors and popes lived in peace with each other.We are witnessing such a period today. Between the present Pope, Benedict XVI, and the present emperor, George Bush II, there exists a wonderfulharmony. Last week's speech by the Pope, which aroused a worldwide storm,went well with Bush's crusade against "Islamofascism", in the context of the "clash of civilizations".
In his lecture at a German university, the 265th Pope described what he seesas a huge difference between Christianity and Islam: while Christianity isbased on reason, Islam denies it. While Christians see the logic of God's actions, Muslims deny that there is any such logic in the actions of Allah.
As a Jewish atheist, I do not intend to enter the fray of this debate. It ismuch beyond my humble abilities to understand the logic of the Pope. But I cannot overlook one passage, which concerns me too, as an Israeli livingnear the fault-line of this "war of civilizations".
In order to prove the lack of reason in Islam, the Pope asserts that the Prophet Muhammad ordered his followers to spread their religion by thesword. According to the Pope, that is unreasonable, because faith is born ofthe soul, not of the body. How can the sword influence the soul?
To support his case, the Pope quoted - of all people - a Byzantine emperor,who belonged, of course, to the competing Eastern Church. At the end of the14th century, Emperor Manuel II Palaeologus told of a debate he had - or so he said (its occurrence is in doubt) - with an unnamed Persian Muslimscholar. In the heat of the argument, the emperor (according to himself)flung the following words at his adversary: Show me just what Mohammed brought that was new, and there you will find things only evil and inhuman, such as his command to spread by the sword thefaith he preached.
These words give rise to three questions: (a) Why did the Emperor say them?(b) Are they true? (c) Why did the present Pope quote them?
When Manuel II wrote his treatise, he was the head of a dying empire. He assumed power in 1391, when only a few provinces of the once illustrious empire remained. These, too, were already under Turkish threat.
At that point in time, the Ottoman Turks had reached the banks of theDanube. They had conquered Bulgaria and the north of Greece, and had twice defeated relieving armies sent by Europe to save the Eastern Empire. On 29 May 1453, only a few years after Manuel's death, his capital, Constantinople (the present Istanbul), fell to the Turks, putting an end to the empire thathad lasted for more than a thousand years.
During his reign, Manuel made the rounds of the capitals of Europe in an attempt to drum up support. He promised to reunite the church. There is nodoubt that he wrote his religious treatise in order to incite the Christiancountries against the Turks and convince them to start a new crusade. The aim was practical, theology was
serving politics.In this sense, the quote serves exactly the requirements of the presentEmperor, George Bush II. He, too, wants to unite the Christian world againstthe mainly Muslim "Axis of Evil". Moreover, the Turks are again knocking on the doors of Europe, this time peacefully. It is well known that the Popesupports the forces that object to the entry of Turkey into the EuropeanUnion.
Is there any truth in Manuel's argument?
The pope himself threw in a word of caution. As a serious and renowned theologian, he could not afford to falsify written texts. Therefore, headmitted that the Qur'an
specifically forbade the spreading of the faith byforce. He quoted the second Sura, Verse 256 (strangely fallible, for a pope, he meant Verse 257) which says: "There must be no coercion in matters offaith."How can one ignore such an unequivocal statement? The Pope simply arguesthat this commandment was laid down by the Prophet when he was at the beginning of his career, still weak and powerless, but that later on heordered the use of the sword in the service of the faith. Such an order doesnot exist in the Qur'an. True, uhammad called for the use of the sword in his war against opposing tribes - Christian, Jewish and others - in Arabia,when he was building his state. But that was a political act, not areligious one; basically a fight for territory, not for the spreading of the faith.
Jesus said: "You will recognize them by their fruits." The treatment ofother religions by Islam must be judged by a simple test: how did the Muslimrulers behave for more than a thousand years, when they had the power to "spread the faith by the sword"?
Well, they just did not.
For many centuries, the Muslims ruled Greece. Did the Greeks become Muslims?Did anyone even try to Islamize them? On the contrary, Christian Greeks held the highest positions in the Ottoman administration. The Bulgarians, Serbs,Romanians, Hungarians and other European nations lived at one time oranother under Ottoman
rule and clung to their Christian faith. Nobody compelled them to become Muslims and all of them remained devoutlyChristian.True, the Albanians did convert to Islam, and so did the Bosniaks. Butnobody argues that they did this under duress. They adopted Islam in order to become favourites of the government and enjoy the fruits.
In 1099, the Crusaders conquered Jerusalem and massacred its Muslim andJewish inhabitants indiscriminately, in the name of the gentle Jesus. Atthat time, 400 years into the occupation of Palestine by the Muslims,Christians were still the majority in the country. Throughout this longperiod, no effort was made to impose Islam on them. Only after the expulsion of the Crusaders from the country, did the majority of the inhabitants startto adopt the Arabic language and the Muslim faith - and they were theforefathers of most of today's Palestinians.
There no evidence whatsoever of any attempt to impose Islam on the Jews. As is well known, under Muslim rule the Jews of Spain enjoyed a bloom the likeof which the Jews did not enjoy anywhere else until almost our time. Poetslike Yehuda Halevy wrote in Arabic, as did the great Maimonides. In Muslim Spain, Jews were ministers, poets, scientists. In Muslim Toledo, Christian,Jewish and Muslim scholars worked together and translated the ancient Greekphilosophical and scientific texts. That was, indeed, the Golden Age. How would this have been possible, had the Prophet decreed the "spreading of thefaith by the sword"?
What happened afterwards is even more telling.
When the Catholics reconquered Spain from the Muslims, they instituted a reign of religious terror. The Jews and the Muslims were presented with a cruel choice: to become Christians, to be massacred or to leave. And where did the hundreds of thousand of Jews, who refused to abandon their faith, escape? Almost all of them
were received with open arms in the Muslim countries. The Sephardi("Spanish")
Jews settled all over the Muslim world, from Morocco in the west to Iraq in the east, from Bulgaria (then part of the Ottoman Empire) in the north to Sudan in the south. Nowhere were they persecuted. They knew nothinglike the tortures of the Inquisition, the flames of the auto-da-fe, thepogroms, the terrible mass-expulsions that took place in almost all Christian countries, up to the Holocaust.Why? Because Islam expressly prohibited any persecution of the "peoples ofthe book". In Islamic society, a special place was reserved for Jews andChristians. They did not enjoy completely equal rights, but almost. They had to pay a special poll tax, but were exempted from military service - atrade-off that was quite welcome to many Jews. It has been said that Muslimrulers frowned upon any attempt to convert Jews to Islam even by gentle persuasion - because it entailed the loss of taxes.
Every honest Jew who knows the history of his people cannot but feel a deepsense of gratitude to Islam, which has protected the Jews for fiftygenerations, while the Christian world persecuted the Jews and tried many times "by the sword" to get them to abandon their faith.
The story about "spreading the faith by the sword" is an evil legend, one ofthe myths that grew up in Europe during the great wars against the Muslims - the reconquista of Spain by the Christians, the Crusades and the repulsion of the Turks, who almost conquered Vienna. I suspect that the German Pope,too, honestly believes in these fables. That means that the leader of the Catholic world, who is a Christian theologian in his own right, did not makethe effort to study the history of
other religions.Why did he utter these words in public? And why now?
There is no escape from viewing them against the background of the new Crusade of Bush and his evangelist supporters, with his slogans of "Islamofascism" and the "global war on terror" - when "terrorism" has become a synonym for Muslims. For Bush's handlers, this is a cynical attempt to justify the domination of the world's oil resources. Not for the first timein history, a religious robe is spread to cover the nakedness of economicinterests; not for the first time, a robbers' expedition becomes a Crusade.
The speech of the Pope blends into this effort. Who can foretell the dire consequences?


